SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

 Rule 1:

If two singular nouns are joined by ‘and’, and represent two different subjects, the verb used must be plural.

Example: Ravi and Aman were playing.

The principal and the secretary are coming.

The teachers and the principal have participated in the competition.

 

 

Rule 2:

If two singular nouns joined by and point out to the same thing or person, the verb used must be singular.

Examples:

1. Rice and curry is the favourite food of the Punjabis.
2. The collector and district magistrate is away.

In the first example, rice and curry refer to one thing, i.e. food. Similarly, the collector and district magistrate is one man. Hence the verb used is singular (i.e. is).

Note:

If the article the is used with both nouns, the reference will be to two persons or things and the verb used in such a case must be plural.

For example:

The philosopher and the teacher are dead.

The above sentence refers to two persons, i.e. the philosopher (one man) and the teacher (the other man).

 

Rule 3:

In case two subjects are joined by as well as, the verb agrees with the first subject.

Examples:

1. Kanta as well as her children is playing.
2. The children as well as their mother are playing.

In the case of the first sentence, the verb (is) agrees with Kanta and in the case of the second sentence, the verb (are) agrees with children.

 

Rule 4:

Neither, either, every, each, everyone and many a are followed by a singular verb.

Examples:

1. Either of the plans is to be adopted.
2. Neither of the two brothers is sure to pass.
3. Every student is expected to be obedient.
4. Each of them is capacitated to do the work.
5. Everyone of them desires this.
6. Many a person was drowned in the sea.

 

Rule 5:

If two subjects are joined by either…or, neither…nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it.

Note:

You need not waste your time in understanding the meaning of ‘near to’. You should simply keep in mind that in such cases the verb agrees with the second subject.

Examples:

1. Either my brother or I am to do this work.
2. Neither he nor they are prepared to do this work.

In the first example, the verb (i.e. am) agrees with I because I is immediately before the verb. Similarly, in the second sentence, the verb (i.e. are) agrees with they, because they is immediately before it.

 

Rule 6:

A noun singular in form and collective in sense takes a singular verb.

Examples:

1. The committee is unanimous in its opinion.
2. The council has chosen its president.
3. Parliament has elected its speaker.

 

Rule 7:

A great many is always followed by a plural noun and plural verb.

Examples:

1. A great many students have been declared successful.
2. A great many men have come.

 

Rule 8:

Similarly, if two subjects are joined by with, together with, no less than, in addition to, and no, etc., the verb agrees with the first subject.

Examples:

1. The boy with his parents has arrived.
2. The officer together with his subordinates was present in the function.
3. He no less than I is to blame.
4. Hard labour in addition to intelligence is needed for success in life.

 

Rule 9:

Nouns, plural in form but singular in meaning, take a singular verb.

Examples:

These news were broadcast from All India Radio yesterday. (Incorrect)

This news was broadcast from All India Radio yesterday. (Correct)

 

Rule 10:

When two subjects are joined by not only … but also, the verb must agree with the second subject.

Examples:

1. Not only India but also Pakistan is poor.
   (The second subject Pakistan is singular)
2. Not only the principal but also the students were laughing.
   (The second subject students is plural)
3. Not only the children but also their mother was playing.
   (The second subject their mother is singular)

 

Rule 11:

When two subjects are joined by or, the verb must agree with the second subject.

Note:

In the application of the above rule, it is necessary to keep in mind that the plural subject, if any, should be placed near the verb.

Examples:

1. Krishna or her sisters were there.
   (The second subject sisters is plural)
2. Mohan or Sohan is responsible for all this.
   (The second subject Sohan is singular)

 

ADDITIONAL NOTES (From the page on VERB):

There are three popular kinds of verbs:

1. Ordinary Verb
2. Verb of incomplete predication
3. Transitive and Intransitive verbs

Agreement of the Verb with the Subject:

The ve

Our Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Rights (India)

Fundamental Rights are the basic rights given to every citizen of India. These rights are written in the Indian Constitution and protect our freedom, equality, and dignity. They help people live a respectful and secure life.

Fundamental Rights are mentioned in Articles 12 to 35 of the Indian Constitution.

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)

This right says that all people are equal before the law.

It includes:

• Equality before law

• No discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, gender, or place of birth

• Equal opportunity in government jobs

• Abolition of untouchability

• Abolition of titles

Everyone is treated the same by the government.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

This right gives us important freedoms.

It includes:

• Freedom of speech and expression

• Freedom to assemble peacefully

• Freedom to form associations

• Freedom to move freely in India

• Freedom to live and work anywhere in India

• Protection of life and personal liberty

• Protection against illegal arrest

We can speak, move, and live freely, but within the law.

3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)

This right protects people from exploitation.

It includes:

• Ban on human trafficking

• Ban on forced labour (begar)

• Ban on child labour in dangerous jobs

No one can be forced to work against their will.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)

This right gives religious freedom to everyone.

It includes:

• Freedom to follow any religion

• Freedom to practice and preach any religion

• Freedom to manage religious affairs

India respects all religions equally.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)

This right protects the culture of minorities.

It includes:

• Right to protect language, script, and culture

• Right to establish and manage educational institutions

Every community can preserve its culture.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

This right allows citizens to approach the court if their Fundamental Rights are violated.

• Courts can issue writs to protect rights

This right is called the “Heart and Soul of the Constitution.”

Conclusion

Fundamental Rights are very important because they:

• Protect citizens from injustice

• Ensure freedom and equality

• Strengthen democracy

Without Fundamental Rights, a democracy cannot function properly.

Voice (Grammar)

 

VOICES (ACTIVE AND PASSIVE)

Voice is that branch of grammar which studies the form that the verb takes in a sentence to determine the status of the subject and the object.

Voice can be studied under the following headings:

(1) Active Voice

A verb is said to be in the Active Voice when its subject acts or when the emphasis is on the doer or the subject. The active voice is so called because the person or thing denoted by the subject acts.

Example :
Mohan sang a song.

Here, the subject Mohan is acting.

 

(2) Passive Voice

A verb is in the Passive Voice when the subject is being acted upon or when the emphasis is on the object or the work done. The passive voice is so called because the person or thing denoted by the subject is not active but passive, and suffers or receives some action.

Example :
A song was sung by Mohan.

Here, the subject is being acted upon.

Note :

(i) Voice changes occur only in transitive verbs.
(ii) The perfect continuous form of all the three tenses and future continuous cannot be changed into passive voice.

Examples :

Present :
He has been doing the work.
(No change of voice)

Past :
He had been doing the work.
(No change of voice)

Future :
He will have been doing the work.
(No change of voice)

Future Continuous :
He will be doing the work.
(No change of voice)

The reason is that if the change of voice is done in these tenses, then the verb is to be used twice which is wrong.

Example :
He has been doing the work. (Active)
The work has been being done by him. (Passive)

This is a wrong sentence as the verb is used twice. Similar is the case with the other sentences.

Let us look at some more examples of active and passive voice.

 

Active / Passive Examples Table

Active
Mohan has burnt the shop.
People speak English all over the world.
They built the bridge last year.
The boy beat the child.

Passive
The shop has been burnt by Mohan.
English is spoken all over the world.
The bridge was built last year.
The child was beaten by the boy.

 

From the above examples, it is clear that we use active voice when we are more interested in the doer or agent.
And we use passive voice when we are more interested in the object of the action.

As you will notice above, most passive voice sentences drop the agent or the doer either because it is not known or because it is understood and hence not needed or also because it is not important.

 

Rules for converting Active Voice into Passive Voice

(1) First of all, the arrangement of the words in a sentence in the active voice is changed.

Active Voice :
Subject + Verb + Object
Mohan read a book.

Passive Voice :
Object + helping verb + main verb + by + subject
A book was read by Mohan.

Thus, the subject of the active voice becomes the object of the passive voice.

 

(2) Change of Pronoun

When he as subject of active voice becomes object of the passive voice, it changes into him. Similarly,

She → her
We → us
They → them
I → me

 

(3) Changes required under each tense

I. Present Tense

(a) Present Indefinite (Simple present tense) : Assertive sentence

Here, we need to change the first form of the verb into the third form and add is/am/are before it, depending on the number and person of the subject in the active voice.

The point becomes more clear from the following structure :

Active – S + V₁ (s, es) + O
Passive – O + is/am/are + V₃ + by + S

Examples:

1.     The boy makes toys. — Active
Toys are made by the boy. — Passive

2.     You vex me. — Active
I am vexed by you. — Passive

3.     She annoys him. — Active
He is annoyed by her. — Passive

Thus, you will notice that apart from following the first two rules, we have changed the verb from the first to the third form. We have also added is/am/are according to the nature of the object in the active voice which has become the subject of the passive voice.

Interrogative sentences (Present Indefinite)

For transforming interrogative sentences under this tense, all you need to do is, put is/am/are before the subject (which was object in the active voice) in the passive voice.

Formula :

Active – Do/Does + S + V₁ + O
Passive – Is/Am/Are + O + V₃ + by + S

Example :
Does she want a book? — Active
Is a book wanted by her? — Passive

Note :
For interrogative sentences of the active voice beginning with who, the passive voice will be formed by changing who into by whom.

Example :
Who teaches you English?
By whom are you taught English?

 

(b) Present Continuous : Assertive sentences

To get the passive voice, the verb is used in its third form and being is inserted between is/am/are and the verb.

Formula :

Active – S + is/am/are + V₁ + ing + O
Passive – O + is/am/are + being + V₃ + by + S

Example :
I am eating an egg. — Active
An egg is being eaten by me. — Passive

Interrogative :

Active – Is/Am/Are + S + V₁ + ing + O
Passive – Is/Am/Are + O + being + V₃ + by + S

Example :
Am I eating an egg? — Active
Is an egg being eaten by me? — Passive

 

(c) Present Perfect

Here, been is put between has/have and verb (third form) in a passive voice sentence.

Formula :

Active – S + has/have + V₃ + O
Passive – O + has/have + been + V₃ + by + S

Example :
Sita has eaten the fruit. — Active
The fruit has been eaten by Sita. — Passive

 

Present Perfect Interrogative

Active – Has/Have + S + V₃ + O?
Passive – Has/Have + O + been + V₃ + by + S?

Examples :
Have you seen the play? — Active
Has the play been seen by you? — Passive

Who has written this letter? — Active
By whom has this letter been written? — Passive

 

II. Past Tense

The rules for transforming the past tense active voice sentences are the same as that for the present tense with necessary modifications.

(a) Past Indefinite

Active – S + V₂ + O
Passive – O + was/were + V₃ + by + S

Interrogative :
Active – Did + S + V₁ + O?
Passive – Was/Were + O + V₃ + by + S?

Examples :
I read the book. — Active
The book was read by me. — Passive

Did you write a letter? — Active
Was a letter written by you? — Passive

 

(b) Past Continuous

Active – S + was/were + V₁ + ing + O
Passive – O + was/were + being + V₃ + by + S

Interrogative :

Active – Was/Were + S + V₁ + ing + O?
Passive – Was/Were + O + being + V₃ + by + S?

Examples :
They were playing football. — Active
Football was being played by them. — Passive

Was he reading the newspaper? — Active
Was the newspaper being read by him? — Passive(c) Past Perfect

Active – S + had + V₃ + O
Passive – O + had + been + V₃ + by + S

Interrogative :

Active – Had + S + V₃ + O?
Passive – Had + O + been + V₃ + by + S?

Examples :
I had read the book. — Active
The book had been read by me. — Passive

Had she bought a new book? — Active
Had a new book been bought by her? — Passive

 

III. Future Tense

(a) Future Indefinite : Assertive sentence

Formula :

Active – S + will/shall + V₁ + O
Passive – O + will/shall + be + V₃ + by + S

Interrogative :

Active – Will/Shall + S + V₁ + O?
Passive – Will/Shall + O + be + V₃ + by + S?

Examples :
I will write a book. — Active
A book will be written by me. — Passive

Will they wash clothes in the evening? — Active
Will clothes be washed by them in the evening? — Passive

 

(b) Future Perfect

Active – S + will/shall + have + V₃ + O
Passive – O + will/shall + have + been + V₃ + by + S

Example :
I will have written a book. — Active
A book will have been written by me. — Passive

 

Other Conditions for transforming Active into Passive

(a) The preposition after a verb in the active voice does not change its place in the passive voice.

Examples :
She laughed at the child. — Active
The child was laughed at by her. — Passive

We have not heard of this play. — Active
This play has not been heard of (us). — Passive

They will object to your seeing this film. — Active
our seeing this film will be objected to (by them). — Passive

They do not approve of this plan. — Active
This plan is not approved of by them. — Passive

 

(b) Modal Auxiliaries

Can, could, should, must, ought to, might, etc. do not change when transformed from active to passive.

Formula :

Active – S + can/could/may/might/would/should + V₁ + O
Passive – O + can/could/may/might/would/should + be + V₃ + by + S

Examples :
They should help the child. — Active
The child should be helped by them. — Passive

The child can throw the book. — Active
The book can be thrown by the child. — Passive

 

(c) Infinitive in Passive construction

Examples :
I want them to help you. — Active
I want you to be helped. — Passive

The child expected his mother to praise him. — Active
The child expected to be praised by his mother. — Passive

 

(d) Participles in Passive construction

Examples :
I saw him turning the key. — Active
I saw the key being turned by him. — Passive

I heard her shouting at the child. — Active
I heard the child being shouted at by her. — Passive

 

 

Imperatives in Passive construction

Examples :

Switch off the fan. — Active
Let the fan be switched off. — Passive

Bring the child. — Active
Let the child be brought. — Passive

Please forgive him. — Active
You are requested to forgive him. — Passive

Open the gate. — Active
Let the gate be opened. — Passive

 

Special Notes

• All imperatives except requests use let in passive constructions.
• Please becomes you are requested to in passive.
• For non-living things, let is used.
• For human beings, should is more appropriate.

Examples :
Help the poor. — Active
The poor should be helped. — Passive

Don’t laugh at the lame. — Active
The lame should not be laughed at. — Passive

Take care of the old man. — Active
The old man should be taken care of. — Passive

 

Some other passive constructions

People say that she is a liar. — Active
It is said that she is a liar. — Passive

Everyone knows that he is a rich man. — Active
He is known to be a rich man. — Passive

 

Verbs denoting a state

This cup contains tea. — Active
Tea is contained in this cup. — Passive

Novels interest me. — Active
I am interested in novels. — Passive

 

‘It is time’ construction

Active – It is/was time + infinitive + O
Passive – It is/was time + for + O + to be + V₃

Examples :
It is time to close the shops. — Active
It is time for shops to be closed. — Passive

It was time to take action. — Active
It was time for action to be taken. — Passive

 

Gd topic: How I spent my time during lockdown.

How I Spent My Time During Lockdown

The lockdown was a very different time for everyone. Schools were closed, and we had to stay at home for many days. At first, it was difficult, but slowly (gradually) I learned how to use my time well.

During the lockdown, I followed a daily routine. I woke up early in the morning and helped my parents with small household work (chores). After that, I attended my online classes regularly. Though online classes were new for me, they helped me continue my studies.

I also spent time reading books and revising my lessons. This helped me improve (enhance/ hone up) (in broadening my horizon) my knowledge. In my free time, I watched educational videos and learned new things. I practiced writing and improved my communication skills.

To keep myself healthy, I exercised daily and did yoga. I also played indoor games like chess and ludo with my family members. These activities made our bond stronger (bonds of relationship stronger). Sometimes, I listened to music and learned cooking from my mother.

The lockdown taught me the importance of time, health, and family. It helped me become more disciplined and responsible. Though the lockdown was challenging, it was a learning experience for me.

GD Topic: Bollywood

Bollywood: The Heart of Indian Cinema

Bollywood is the popular name for the Hindi film industry of India. It is one of the largest film industries in the world. Bollywood films are mainly produced in Mumbai, which is also known as the financial and entertainment capital of India. Bollywood movies are famous not only in India but also in many countries across the world.

Origin and History of Bollywood

The journey of Bollywood started in 1913 with India’s first full-length feature film, Raja Harishchandra, made by Dadasaheb Phalke. He is known as the Father of Indian Cinema. In the beginning, films were silent. Later, sound, music, and dialogues were added, which made Indian cinema more popular. Over time, Bollywood developed its own unique style.

Features of Bollywood Movies

Bollywood movies are well known for:

* Songs and dances

* Emotional stories

* Family drama

* Romance, action, comedy, and social messages

Music plays a very important role in Bollywood. Many movies become popular because of their songs. These songs are often played at weddings, festivals, and celebrations.

Famous Bollywood Actors and Actresses

Bollywood has produced many legendary actors and actresses. Some famous names are:

Amitabh Bachchan – known as the “Shahenshah of Bollywood”

Shah Rukh Khan – called the “King of Bollywood”

Aamir Khan – famous for meaningful and quality films

Deepika Padukone – a leading actress of modern Bollywood

These actors have helped Bollywood gain international recognition.

Bollywood and Indian Culture

Bollywood reflects Indian culture, traditions, and values. Many movies show family relationships, respect for elders, festivals, and social issues like poverty, education, women empowerment, and corruption. Through entertainment, Bollywood also spreads social awareness.

Global Impact of Bollywood

Today, Bollywood films are watched in countries like the USA, UK, Russia, Middle East, and many Asian and African nations. Bollywood actors have a huge fan following worldwide. Indian songs and dance styles are also popular internationally.

Economic Importance

Bollywood contributes greatly to India’s economy. It provides employment to actors, directors, musicians, technicians, writers, and many other workers. It also promotes tourism, fashion, and Indian culture globally.

Conclusion

Bollywood is more than just entertainment. It is a powerful medium that connects people, spreads culture, and influences society. With its rich history, music, emotions, and global reach, Bollywood continues to be the pride of Indian cinema.

Conversation Practice: At the airport.

Scene 1: At the Reception / Ticket Counter

Customer: Good morning.

Receptionist: Good morning, sir. How can I help you?

Customer: I want to go to Delhi.

Receptionist: Sure, sir. Which time do you prefer?

Customer: I want a 5 pm flight.

Receptionist: I am sorry, sir. The 5 pm flight is not available.

Customer: Is any other flight available?

Receptionist: Yes, sir. A 7 pm flight is available.

Customer: Is it a direct flight?

Receptionist: Yes, sir. It is a direct flight.

Customer: What is the ticket price?

Receptionist: The ticket price is ₹8534.

Customer: Okay. Please book the 7 pm flight.

Receptionist: Sure, sir. May I see your ID?

Customer: Here you are.

Receptionist: Thank you. Your ticket is confirmed.

Customer: What time should I reach the airport?

Receptionist: Please reach by 5 pm.

Customer: Thank you.

Receptionist: You’re welcome. Have a nice journey.

Scene 2: At the Security Check

Security Guard: Good evening, sir. May I see your ticket, please?

Customer: Yes, here is my ticket.

Security Guard: Thank you. Please put your luggage on the belt.

Customer: Okay.

Security Guard: Do you have any electronic items?

Customer: Yes, I have a laptop.

Security Guard: Please take out the laptop and keep it in the tray.

Customer: Sure.

Security Guard: Do you have any liquids?

Customer: No, I don’t.

Security Guard: Please go through the security gate.

Customer: Okay.

Security Guard: Sir, please remove your belt and watch.

Customer: Alright.

Security Guard: Thank you. You are clear.

Customer: Thank you.

Scene 3: After Security Check

Security Guard: You can collect your luggage now.

Customer: Okay. Where is the boarding gate?

Security Guard: Boarding Gate Number 12.

Customer: Thank you very much.

Security Guard: You’re welcome. Have a safe journey.

GD Topic: Environmental Issues

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Environmental issues are one of the biggest challenges faced by the world today. The environment includes air, water, land, plants, animals, and human beings. When this natural balance is disturbed due to human activities, environmental problems arise. Pollution, deforestation, climate change, and global warming are some major environmental issues affecting our planet.

One of the most serious environmental problems is pollution. Pollution occurs when harmful substances mix with air, water, or soil. Air pollution is caused by vehicle smoke, factory emissions, and burning of fossil fuels. It leads to breathing problems and increases diseases like asthma. Water pollution happens when industrial waste, sewage, and plastic are dumped into rivers and oceans. It harms aquatic life and makes water unsafe for drinking. Soil pollution reduces land fertility, while noise pollution affects mental and physical health.

Another major issue is deforestation, which means cutting down trees on a large scale. Trees are essential because they provide oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, and control climate. Deforestation leads to loss of wildlife, soil erosion, floods, and climate imbalance. It also increases global warming, as fewer trees are left to absorb harmful gases.

Global warming and climate change are closely connected environmental issues. Global warming refers to the rise in Earth’s temperature due to greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere and increase temperature. Climate change results in extreme weather conditions such as heatwaves, floods, droughts, and irregular rainfall. These changes affect agriculture, human health, and natural ecosystems.

Plastic pollution has also become a serious threat to the environment. Plastic waste does not decompose easily and remains in nature for hundreds of years. It pollutes land and oceans, harms animals, and blocks drainage systems. Marine animals often mistake plastic for food, which leads to their death.

Human activities are the main cause of environmental degradation. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, overuse of natural resources, and careless waste disposal have damaged the environment. However, environmental damage can be reduced if humans change their behavior and adopt responsible practices.

Sustainable development is the key solution to environmental problems. It means meeting present needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and water can reduce pollution. Proper waste management, recycling, water conservation, and tree plantation can help protect the environment.

The government plays an important role by making environmental laws, controlling pollution, promoting clean energy, and spreading awareness. However, laws are effective only when people follow them sincerely. Education and awareness are essential to teach people about environmental protection and eco-friendly lifestyles.

In conclusion, environmental issues are a global concern that affects present and future generations. Protecting the environment is not only the responsibility of governments but also of individuals. Small actions like saving water, avoiding plastic, planting trees, and using public transport can make a big difference. If humans act responsibly today, we can ensure a clean, healthy, and safe planet for the future.

GD Topic : India-Pak Issues.

 India–Pakistan Issues: A Simple Overview for Young Students

The relationship between India and Pakistan has been complex since both countries became independent in 1947. Although they share history, culture, and geography, several political and security-related issues have created tension between them. Understanding these issues is important for young citizens who wish to know about peace, conflict, and international relations.

1. Historical Background

India and Pakistan were formed after the partition of British India in 1947. The partition led to large-scale violence and migration. Since then, mistrust and unresolved disputes have continued to affect relations between the two nations.

2. Kashmir Issue

The main cause of conflict between India and Pakistan is the Kashmir issue. Both countries claim Jammu and Kashmir as their own. This dispute has led to wars, military standoffs, and frequent tensions along the Line of Control (LoC). Kashmir remains a sensitive political and emotional issue for both sides.

3. Wars and Military Conflicts

India and Pakistan have fought several wars—in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999 (Kargil conflict). These wars caused loss of lives and resources. Even today, occasional ceasefire violations and border tensions create fear and instability in the region.

4. Terrorism and Security Concerns

India has accused Pakistan of supporting terrorist groups that carry out attacks on Indian soil. Pakistan has denied these allegations. Terrorism has become a major hurdle in building trust between the two countries and affects peace talks.

5. Nuclear Rivalry

Both India and Pakistan are nuclear-armed countries. This makes their relationship more dangerous because any major conflict could have serious global consequences. Therefore, the international community often encourages dialogue and restraint.

6. Peace Talks and Efforts

Despite conflicts, India and Pakistan have also tried to improve relations through peace talks, trade discussions, and people-to-people contact. Sports, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic meetings have sometimes helped reduce tension, but progress has been slow.

7. Impact on Common People

The ongoing issues affect ordinary citizens on both sides. Resources that could be used for education, healthcare, and development are often spent on defense. Many people in India and Pakistan wish for peace and better relations.

Conclusion

India–Pakistan issues are the result of history, politics, and security concerns. While problems remain, dialogue and peaceful solutions are the best way forward. Young students should understand that peace, cooperation, and mutual respect are essential for the future of South Asia and the world.

Peace is not just the absence of war, but the presence of understanding.

GD TOPIC: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CONSEQUENCES.

Climate Change and Its Consequences:

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges the world is facing today. It refers to long-term changes in temperature, rainfall, and weather patterns on Earth. The main cause of climate change is human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels like coal, petrol, and gas. These activities release harmful gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat and make the Earth warmer. This process is known as global warming.

One major consequence of climate change is the rise in global temperature. Due to higher temperatures, glaciers and polar ice caps are melting rapidly. This leads to a rise in sea levels, which can flood coastal areas and islands. Many people may lose their homes and livelihoods because of this. Low-lying countries are at the greatest risk.

Another serious effect of climate change is extreme weather conditions. We now see more floods, droughts, cyclones, and heat waves than before. Farmers suffer huge losses because crops fail due to irregular rainfall and extreme heat. As a result, food shortages and higher food prices affect common people the most.

Climate change also has a negative impact on human health. Increasing air pollution causes breathing problems, asthma, and other diseases. Heat waves can lead to dehydration and even death, especially among elderly people and children. The spread of diseases like malaria and dengue has also increased due to changing climate conditions.

Moreover, climate change is harming wildlife and natural ecosystems. Many animals and plants are unable to adapt to sudden changes in temperature. As a result, several species are becoming endangered or extinct. Forest fires, coral reef damage, and loss of biodiversity are clear signs of this problem.

In conclusion, climate change is a serious global issue with dangerous consequences for humans, animals, and the environment. If we do not act now, the situation will become worse. We must reduce pollution, save energy, use renewable resources, and protect nature. Small steps taken by individuals, along with strong action by governments, can help reduce the impact of climate change and secure a better future for the next generation.

Indian Culture

Indian Culture

Indian culture is one of the oldest, richest, and most diverse cultures in the world. It reflects unity in diversity, where people of different religions, languages, traditions, and lifestyles live together with mutual respect. Despite regional differences, the core values of Indian culture remain the same—respect, harmony, and humanity.

At the heart of Indian culture lies the idea of family values. The joint family system has traditionally played an important role, teaching children respect for elders, love for younger ones, and a strong sense of responsibility. Even in modern times, these values continue to shape Indian society.

Indian culture is deeply connected with festivals and traditions. Festivals like Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Pongal, and Baisakhi are celebrated with great enthusiasm across the country. These festivals promote togetherness, joy, and cultural harmony, bringing people closer irrespective of caste or religion.

Another important aspect of Indian culture is its art, music, and dance. Classical dances such as Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, and Odissi, along with folk dances from different states, reflect India’s rich artistic heritage. Indian classical music, yoga, and Ayurveda have gained global recognition for their spiritual and health benefits.

Indian food is also a major part of its culture. Each region has its own unique cuisine, flavors, and cooking styles. From spicy curries to simple vegetarian meals, Indian food represents balance, tradition, and hospitality.

Indian culture teaches values like tolerance, respect for nature, and peaceful coexistence. The philosophy of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” meaning the world is one family highlights India’s inclusive outlook.

In conclusion, Indian culture is a beautiful blend of tradition and modernity. It has evolved over time while preserving its moral values and cultural roots. This rich heritage makes India unique and respected across the world.

INDIA.

Speak About India

India is one of the world’s oldest civilizations and also one of the youngest nations in spirit. It is a country where tradition and modernity exist side by side. From the snow-covered Himalayas in the north to the vast oceans in the south, India is a land of great geographical, cultural, and linguistic diversity.

India is known for its unity in diversity. People follow different religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism, yet they live together peacefully. Hundreds of languages and dialects are spoken across the country, but the feeling of being Indian connects everyone. Festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, Holi, and Gurpurab are celebrated with equal joy and respect.

India has a rich cultural heritage. Ancient texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata show India’s deep philosophical roots. Indian classical music, dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Kathak, yoga, and Ayurveda have influenced the world. At the same time, India has embraced modern education, science, and technology.

Politically, India is the world’s largest democracy. The Constitution of India guarantees fundamental rights, equality, and freedom to its citizens. Despite challenges like population pressure and social inequality, India continues to strengthen its democratic institutions through regular elections and active public participation.

Economically, India is an emerging global power. It has made remarkable progress in fields like information technology, space research, digital payments, and startups. Institutions like ISRO and India’s achievements in space missions have brought global recognition. The country is also focusing on manufacturing, infrastructure development, and renewable energy to ensure sustainable growth.

Socially, India is changing rapidly. Education, women empowerment, digital literacy, and entrepreneurship are gaining momentum. Young people are playing a key role in shaping India’s future with innovation and confidence, while still respecting traditional values.

In conclusion, India is not just a country; it is an emotion. Its strength lies in its diversity, resilience, and hope. With its rich past, dynamic present, and ambitious future, India continues to inspire the world and move steadily towards progress and prosperity.

Jai Hind.

GD Topic: Hardwork vs Smartwork.

Introduction

The debate Hard Work vs Smart Work is one of the most discussed topics in education, careers, and personal development. People often ask whether success comes from putting in long hours of effort or from using intelligence, planning, and efficiency. In reality, both hard work and smart work play important roles, and understanding their difference helps us choose the right approach in different situations.

Q. What is Hard Work?

Hard work means putting in consistent effort, time, and dedication to achieve a goal. It focuses on discipline, perseverance, and physical or mental effort, even when results are slow.

Key features of hard work:

* Long hours of effort

* Strong determination and patience

* Learning through repetition and practice

* No shortcuts; step-by-step progress

Examples of hard work:

* A student studying for many hours daily to master a subject

* A farmer working tirelessly in the field

* An athlete practicing the same skill repeatedly to improve performance

Hard work builds strong foundations, character, and resilience.

Q.What is Smart Work?

Smart work means using intelligence, planning, and efficiency to achieve better results in less time. It focuses on strategy, prioritization, and using the right tools.

Key features of smart work:

* Proper planning and time management

* Using technology and innovative methods

* Focusing on high-impact tasks

* Achieving maximum results with minimum effort

Examples of smart work:

* A student using smart notes, mock tests, and revision techniques

* An employee automating repetitive tasks

* A business using digital marketing instead of only traditional methods

Smart work emphasizes productivity and effectiveness.

Q. Which Is Better: Hard Work or Smart Work?

* Hard work without smart planning can lead to burnout.

*Smart work without hard work can lead to incomplete success.

True success comes from combining both. Hard work gives depth and experience, while smart work gives direction and speed.

Real-Life Perspective

In competitive exams, students who only work hard may study everything without focus. Those who only work smart may lack practice. However, students who study consistently (hard work) and use smart strategies like time-bound practice and analysis (smart work) perform the best.

Similarly, in professional life, employees who work hard gain trust, and those who work smart gain efficiency. The most successful professionals do both.

Advantages of Combining Hard Work and Smart Work

* Faster achievement of goals

* Better time management

* Reduced stress and higher confidence

* Sustainable and long-term success

Conclusion

Hard work and smart work are not rivals but partners. Hard work lays the foundation, while smart work builds the structure. In today’s competitive world, the ideal approach is to work hard with a smart plan. Those who balance effort with intelligence are the ones who achieve consistent growth and lasting success.

In short:

👉 Hard work makes us capable.

👉 Smart work makes us efficient.

👉 Together, they make us successful.

Reading and comprehension: The Mirror We Carry.

 The Mirror We Carry.

Rohit was twenty-three and proud of being “busy.”

His phone never rested, his calendar overflowed, and his conversations often ended with, “I’ll call you later.” Later rarely came.

He worked at a fast-growing company and believed success demanded speed. Friends invited him out, but he declined. His parents called, but he replied with short messages. In his mind, slowing down meant falling behind.

One evening, while returning from work, Rohit noticed an old man sitting outside a small roadside repair shop. The man was struggling to fix a broken mirror of a bicycle. Curious but impatient, Rohit watched for a moment.

“Sir,” Rohit said, “that mirror is useless. You should just buy a new one.”

The old man smiled gently.

“Maybe,” he said, “but this mirror has already shown me many roads. I want to try once more.”

Rohit shrugged and walked away. But something about the man’s words stayed with him.

A few days later, Rohit’s company announced massive layoffs. Shocked and anxious, he returned home early. For the first time in years, his house felt silent. He scrolled through his phone but realized there was no one he felt comfortable calling.

That night, he remembered the old man and the broken mirror.

The next morning, Rohit visited the repair shop again. The old man was still there, polishing the same mirror.

“Why don’t you give up?” Rohit asked.

The old man looked at him and said,

“Because not everything broken is useless. Some things only need patience and care.”

Those words hit Rohit harder than any office announcement.

He began to reflect—not just on the mirror, but on his life. He had treated relationships like replaceable objects. When they cracked, he moved on instead of fixing them.

That day, Rohit called his parents and spoke without checking the time. He apologized to an old friend and met him after years. He learned to pause, listen, and value people over pace.

Months later, Rohit found a better job. But more importantly, he found balance.

Sometimes, when life feels rushed, Rohit remembers the mirror—and the truth it reflected:

Growth is not only about moving forward fast, but also about looking back with care.

Moral of the Story:

👉 In the race to succeed, do not forget to value relationships, patience, and reflection. Not everything broken needs replacement; some things need attention.

Comprehension Questions:

A. Short Answer Questions:

1. How old was Rohit and what was he proud of?

2. Why did Rohit believe slowing down was dangerous?

3. What was the old man trying to fix?

4. What did the old man mean by saying the mirror had “shown many roads”?

5. What major event changed Rohit’s perspective on life?

B. Long Answer Questions:

6. How did Rohit treat relationships at the beginning of the story?

7. Explain the symbolic meaning of the broken mirror.

8. What lesson did Rohit learn from the old man?

9. How did Rohit’s life change after reflecting on his actions?

10. Do you agree that success without balance can be harmful? Give reasons.

C. Vocabulary & Interpretation:

11. Find a word from the story that means: thinking deeply about something.

12. What does the sentence “Growth is not only about moving forward fast” mean in your own words?

D. Opinion-Based Questions:

13. What is one habit from the story that you want to change in your own life? Why?

GD Topic: Education System in India.

 

Education System in India: A Complete Overview

The education system in India is one of the largest and most diverse in the world. It plays a crucial role in shaping the country’s social, economic, and cultural development. With a long history rooted in ancient traditions and a modern structure influenced by globalization and technology, India’s education system aims to provide knowledge, skills, values, and opportunities to its vast population. This article offers a comprehensive understanding of the Indian education system and answers all possible related questions.

Historical Background of Education in India

India has a rich educational heritage. In ancient times, the Gurukul system focused on holistic learning, moral values, discipline, and close teacher-student relationships. Renowned centers of learning like Nalanda and Takshashila attracted students from across the world.

During British rule, the education system became more formal and exam-oriented, emphasizing English education and administrative skills. After independence in 1947, India restructured its education system to promote national development, equality, and accessibility.

Structure of the Indian Education System

The education system in India follows a 10+2+3/4 structure, which includes:

1. Pre-Primary Education

• For children aged 3–6 years

• Includes nursery, LKG, and UKG

• Focuses on basic literacy, numeracy, and social skills

2. Primary Education

• Classes 1 to 5

• Emphasizes reading, writing, mathematics, and environmental studies

3. Upper Primary (Middle School)

• Classes 6 to 8

• Introduces subjects like science, social science, mathematics, and languages

4. Secondary Education

• Classes 9 and 10

• Students appear for board examinations conducted by boards such as Central Board of Secondary Education, state boards, and ICSE

5. Senior Secondary Education

• Classes 11 and 12

• Students choose streams: Science, Commerce, or Arts/Humanities

6. Higher Education

• Undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs

• Includes universities, colleges, IITs, IIMs, medical colleges, and professional institutions

Education Boards and Authorities

Education in India is governed by both central and state authorities. The major governing body is the Ministry of Education, which formulates national policies and programs. Different boards ensure standardization and evaluation at school levels.

Medium of Instruction

India follows a multilingual education system. Schools offer instruction in:

• Regional languages

• Hindi

• English

English is widely used in higher education and professional courses, making Indian graduates globally competitive.

Government Initiatives and Policies

To improve education quality and access, the government has launched several initiatives:

• Right to Education (RTE) Act – Free and compulsory education up to age 14

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme – Improves nutrition and attendance

• Digital India and online learning platforms

• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 – Focuses on skill-based, flexible, and holistic education

Strengths of the Indian Education System

1. Large and Diverse Network – Schools and universities across urban and rural areas

2. Strong Emphasis on Academics – Particularly in science, mathematics, and technology

3. Global Recognition – Indian professionals succeed worldwide

4. Affordable Education – Compared to many developed countries

5. Growing Digital Education – Online learning expanding rapidly

Challenges in the Indian Education System

Despite progress, several challenges remain:

• Rote learning and exam pressure

• Unequal access to quality education

• Infrastructure gaps in rural areas

• Teacher shortages in some regions

• Limited focus on practical and skill-based learning

Role of Teachers in the Indian Education System

Teachers are the backbone of Indian education. Beyond academics, they:

• Build character and discipline

• Guide students emotionally and socially

• Encourage values like respect, responsibility, and patriotism

Teacher training and professional development remain key areas for improvement.

Impact of Technology on Education in India

Technology has transformed education through:

• Online classes and digital classrooms

• E-learning platforms and AI-based tools

• Virtual labs and smart boards

However, the digital divide between urban and rural students remains a concern.

Education and Employment in India

Education in India is closely linked to employment. While academic knowledge is strong, there is a growing need to:

• Focus on skill development

• Promote vocational and technical education

• Encourage entrepreneurship and innovation

Future of Education in India

The future of Indian education lies in:

• Skill-based and experiential learning

• Integration of technology with traditional teaching

• Student-centered and flexible curricula

• Greater emphasis on critical thinking and creativity

Conclusion

The education system in India is vast, dynamic, and continuously evolving. While it has produced some of the finest minds globally, it still faces challenges related to quality, access, and relevance. With strong policies, committed teachers, technological support, and active participation from society, India’s education system has the potential to become one of the best in the world.

Final Thought:

Education in India is not just about earning degrees; it is about building character, competence, and a better future for the nation.