Part-II (Citizenship)

 Article 5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.—At the commencement of this Constitution, every person who has his domicile in the territory of India and— (a) who was born in the territory of India; or (b) either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or (c) who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than five years immediately preceding such commencement, shall be a citizen of India. 

Explanation: Article 5 confers citizenship on every person having his domicile in India at the time of the commencement of this constitution if

a. he was born in the territory of India; or

b. either of whose parents was born in the territory of India; or

c. who has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India for not less than five years immediately preceding the commencement of the constitution.

Article 6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.— Notwithstanding anything in article 5, a person who has migrated to the territory of India from the territory now included in Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the commencement of this Constitution if— (a) he or either of his parents or any of his grand-parents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and (b) (i) in the case where such person has so migrated before the nineteenth day of July 1948, he has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration, or (ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the nineteenth day of July 1948, he has been registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed on that behalf by the Government of the Dominion of India on an application made by him therefore to such officer before the commencement of this Constitution in the form and manner prescribed by that Government: Provided that no person shall be so registered unless he has been resident in the territory of India for at least six months immediately preceding the date of his application. 

Explanation: According to this article, a person who has migrated to the territory of India from the territory of Pakistan shall be deemed to be a citizen of India at the time of the commencement of this Constitution, if

(a) he or either of his parents or any of his grandparents was born in India as

defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted); and

(b) (I) in the case where such persons has so migrated before 19 July 1948, he has been ordinarily resident in the territory of India since the date of his migration, or

(ii) in the case where such person has so migrated on or after the 19th July, 1948, he has been registered as a citizen of India by an officer appointed in that behalf by the Government of the Dominion of India on an application made by him to such an officer. But, no person shall be so registered unless he has been residing in India for at least 6 months immediately preceding the date of his application.

Article 7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.—Notwithstanding anything in articles 5 and 6, a person who has after the first day of March 1947, migrated from the territory of India to the territory now included in Pakistan shall not be deemed to be a citizen of India: Provided that nothing in this article shall apply to a person who, after having so migrated to the territory now included in Pakistan, has returned to the territory of India under a permit for resettlement or permanent return issued by or under the authority of any law and every such person shall for the purposes of clause (b) of article 6 be deemed to have migrated to the territory of India after the nineteenth day of July 1948. 

Explanation: Article 7 makes special provisions regarding the citizenship rights of persons who migrated to Pakistan after March 1, 1947 but returned to India subsequently.

Article 7 says that a person who after March 1, 1947, migrated from the territory of India to the territory of Pakistan shall not be deemed to be a citizen of India.

Provided that nothing shall apply to a person who after having so migrated to Pakistan has returned to India under a permit for resettlement or permanent return issued by or under the authority of any law and every such person shall be deemed to have migrated to the territory of India after July 19, 1948.

Article 8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.—Notwithstanding anything in article 5, any person who or either of whose parents or any of whose grandparents was born in India as defined in the Government of India Act, 1935 (as originally enacted), and who is ordinarily residing in any country outside India as so defined shall be deemed to be a citizen of India if he has been registered as a citizen of India by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the country where he is for the time being residing on an application made by him therefore to such diplomatic or consular representative, whether before or after the commencement of this Constitution, in the form and manner prescribed by the Government of the Dominion of India or the Government of India. 

Article 9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.— No person shall be a citizen of India by virtue of article 5, or be deemed to be a citizen of India by virtue of article 6 or article 8, if he has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign State.

Explanation: Article 9 It says that a person shall be deprived of the citizenship of India, if he voluntarily acquires the citizenship of a foreign State.

Article 10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship.—Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India under any of the foregoing provisions of this Part shall, subject to the provisions of any law that may be made by Parliament, continue to be such citizen. 

Article 11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.—Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this Part shall derogate from the power of Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship.

Explanation: Article 11 empowers the Parliament to make a law on the subject of acquisition and termination of Indian Citizenship. Article 8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.

Indian Citizenship Act, 1955

It lays down elaborate provisions for the acquisition and termination of Indian citizenship after the commencement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950.

1. By Birth Every person born in India on or after 26th January, 1950 is a citizen of India by birth.

Exceptions

(i) Children born of foreign diplomatic personnel in India.

(ii) Children of enemy aliens whose

birth occurs in a place then under

occupation of the enemy.

2. By Descent A person born outside

India on or after 26th January 1950 shall be a citizen by descent if either

of his parents is a citizen of India at

the time of the person's birth.

3. By Registration A person

covered by (1) or (2) above may

acquire citizenship by registration

if he satisfies certain conditions. For

example, persons married to citizen of

India, persons of Indian origin.

4 By naturalization A foreigner

becomes a citizen of India when

his application for naturalization is

accepted by the Government of India.

5. By Incorporation of Territory If a new

territory becomes a part of India the

government shall specify the persons

of that territory who shall be citizen of

India.

Termination of Citizenship

The Indian Citizenship Act, 1955

envisages three situations under which

a citizen of India may lose his Indian

nationality.

1. By Renunciation If any citizen of India

who is also a citizen or national of

another country renounces his lndian

citizenship through a declaration in

prescribed manner, he ceases to be an

Indian citizen upon such declaration.

2. By Termination Any citizen of

India who has voluntarily acquired

citizenship by registration, etc. and who voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country, ceases to be a citizen of India.

3. By Deprivation - A person who is a

citizen of India by naturalization or

by registration etc. may be deprived

of citizenship by an order of the

Government on the grounds such as

fraud or concealment of any material fact, he is disloyal towards the Constitution of India or has assisted the enemy during the war.

Single Citizenship

Our Constitution, though federal,

provides for one citizenship only I.e.

the citizenship of India. The civil and

political rights which are conferred by the

Constitution upon the citizens of India can

be equally claimed by any citizen of India

irrespective of his birth and residence in

any part of India. In federal States like

the USA and Switzerland there is a dual

citizenship, namely, national citizenship

and citizenship of the State where a person is born or permanently resides.

Non-Resident Indian (NRI)

NRI is a citizen of India who holds an

Indian passport and has temporarily

emigrated to another country for six

months or more for employment, residence, education or any other purpose

Persons of Indian Origin (PIO)

PIO is a person of Indian origin or

ancestry, who was or whose ancestors

were born in India or other states,

but have Indian ancestry but is not a

citizen of India and is citizen of another

country,

Persons of Indian Origin Card (PIO Card)

lt is a form of identification issued to PlO

who holds a passport in another county

other than Afghanistan, Bangladesh,

5hutan, China, Nepal, Pakistan and

Sri Lanka.

Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme

Overseas Citizenship of India

(OC) Scheme was introduced by amending the citizenship, 1955 in August 2005.

The scheme was launched during the Pravasiya Bhartiya Diwas convention 2006at Hyderabad.

The scheme provides for registration as Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) of all Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) who were citizens of India on January,1950 or thereafter or were eligible to become citizens of India on 26th January, 1950 except who is or had been a citizen of Pakistan or Bangladesh or such other country as the central government may by notification in the official gazette specify.

Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) card scheme has been withdrawn by the Government of India and has been merged with Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card scheme with effect from January 9, 2015 .

Part-1, (The Union and its territory)

Article 1: Name and territory of the Union- India that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. The territory of India shall comprise— (a) the territories of the States;  (b) the Union territories specified in the First Schedule; and (c) such other territories as may be acquired. for instance, French and Portuguese possessions in India.

Indestructible Union of states:

India is described as a 'union ' although its constitution is federal in structure. the drafting committee preferred the phrase 'union of states' for two reasons:

1. Although India was to be a federation, the federation did not result from an agreement with the states.

2. The states have no right to secede. they cannot separate themselves. The federation is a union because it is indestructible. However, for the convenience of the administration country has been divided into different states. But the country is one integral whole.

Difference between The Union of India and the territory of India:

The union of India includes only the states which enjoy the status of the members of the federal system and share distribution of powers with the union.

The territory of India is a wider expression than the Union of India because it includes the entire territory over which the sovereignty of India for the time being extends. Thus besides states, two other classes of territories are included in the territory of India i.e. 1. the union territories and 2. such territories as may be acquired by India.

Article  2- Admission or establishment of new states: Art. 2 states, '' Parliament may by law admit into the Union, or establish, new States on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit". Article 2, thus, relates to the admission of new states that are not part of the Union of India.

Article 3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States: It states, " Parliament may by law— (a) form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more States or parts of States or by uniting any territory to a part of any State; (b) increase the area of any State; (c) diminish the area of any State; (d) alter the boundaries of any State; (e) alter the name of any State". 

Explanation: Art. 3 states that the Parliament is authorised to form a new state by separation of territory from any state or by uniting two or more states or parts of states or by uniting any territory to a part of any state.

Article 3, however, lays down two conditions in this regard-

a. A bill for bringing the above changes can be introduced in either house of the parliament only with the prior  accent or recommendation of the president, and 

b. before recommending the Bill, the president has to refer the same to the state legislature concerned for expressing its views within a specified period.

The procedure of formation of new states:

new states may be formed or the boundaries may be altered by a law passed by Parliament by a simple majority.

    a. The bill requires the recommendation of the president before Introduction.

    b. Before being introduced, the Bill must be referred by the president to the state legislature concerned for giving its views.

    c. The views, must be communicated within the specified period in the reference.

    d. The prescribed time limit can be extended (by the president).

    e. The Bill may be introduced even if no views have been communicated..

    f. Parliament is not bound to accept or act upon views of the state legislature.

    g. If the original bill is intended to be amended, it is not necessary to refer the amendments to the state legislature.

Article 4 - 4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.—(1) Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provisions for the amendment of the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions as to representation in Parliament and in the Legislature or Legislatures of the State or States affected by such law) as Parliament may deem necessary.

(2) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.

Explanation- Article 4 states that laws legislated under article 3 and 4, may make supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions for making itself effective and may amend the first and fourth schedules of the constitution, without giving through the special formality of a law for the amendment of the constitution as prescribed by Article 368.

 

Q. Our personalities are predetermined as a result of our genes before we are born and there is nothing that can be done to change our character traits.

To what extent do you agree?

Answer:

The character of an individual is preordained as a consequence of their genetic traits prior to their birth, and it cannot be altered. I completely disagree with the statement because people change themselves with the time and situation. 

Questions on education.

 Questions on education.

1. What do you study?

Sample Answer: 

I study/studied business management as I always dreamt to be a businessman.

Q2. Where do you study that?

Sample Answer:

 

I study/studied in (NAME OF THE INSTITUTE), one of the most popular institutes in India, which is mainly known for management/engineering courses. 

Q3. Why did you choose that subject? 

Sample Answer:

Since my childhood, I have wished to be a business tycoon and that is why I chose this subject.

Q4. Is it a popular subject in your country?

Sample Answer:

Yes, it is a very popular subject as it provides all the skills required for running a business 

and contribute to the growth of the nation.

Q5. Do you like that subject?

Sample Answer

Q6. If you had the chance, would you change the subject?

Sample Answer:

Q7. What are the main aspects of your subject? 

Sample Answer:

Q8. Do you plan to get a job in the same field as your subject? 

Sample Answer:

Q9. Do you enjoy studying alone or with friends?

Sample Answer:

Q10. Who is/was your favourite teacher? 

Sample Answer:

    

                                                            Detailed answer type question:

Q1. Describe a school you went to in your childhood.

Where it was?

What it was like?

What did you learn there?

And explain how you felt about it?

Q2. Describe a teacher who has influenced you in your education.

Where you met him/her

What subject did she/he teach you?

What was special about him/her?

Explain how this person/teacher has influenced you in your education so much.

Q3. Describe a project that you have made in school with your classmates or friends.

What was the project?

What was it about?

What did you have to do?

In how many days it got completed?

                                            

                                        Detailed Discussion Type of Questions:

Q1. What makes a good student?

Q2. Why the role of a teacher is important in the classroom?

Q3. Do you think computers will one day replace teachers in the classroom?

Q4. How has teaching changed in your country in the last few decades?

Q5. What is the difference between the way children learn and the way adults learn?

Q6. How a teacher can make lessons more interesting for children?

Q7. Do you think students should choose the subjects they like?

Sample essay

 Question:  According to some working parents, pre-school-aged children should be admitted to child care centres. On the other hand, some argue that it would be rather good to let them stay with their reliable relatives such as grandparents. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Some people believe that at the time parents are at work, close relatives provide the best care to their young children while others believe daycare centres can offer a better service. I believe that some relatives take care of youngsters extremely well in comparison to the childcare professionals because only close relatives can provide selfless love and affection to the kids.  This essay will first discuss the merits of family members looking after the very young kids, secondly, an analysis of services provided by the child care centres, followed by a conclusion.

To embark upon, many parents who are working professionals prefer to leave their young ones with grandparents and siblings when they are at work. I think this is a better option. This is so because there is often a trust issue, as the parents feel their child will be safer with someone from within the family nucleus. For instance, most working mothers prefer a member of the immediate family to provide care when they are working.

On the other hand, few think that daycare centres may be a better option but I do not agree with it. The most significant reason behind it is that the country where I am residing now, is India, and the staff working in the childcare centres are not highly trained, they only exaggerate. Even they do not look after the children properly. To exemplify, there have been recent high-profile cases of child abuse within these establishments which makes some parents wary.

To conclude, it is quite obvious that it is a matter of debate that which one could be the better option for the children to stay with but as far as my opinion is concerned, I strongly believe that it is the best option to let the kids stay with their own relatives for their overall development where they can enjoy their freedom and childhood without any restrictions.

Vocabulary on fashion and shopping.

Vocabulary on fashion and shopping. 

• Clothes horse: someone who really likes/loves to buy nice clothes
• Well put together: describes someone who looks good and who has made effort to do so
• Pick up: buy/ purchase
• Bargain price: a discounted price
• Be up on the latest trends: to be informed of what is fashionable
• Social media feed: the updated list of new content available on various social media platforms
• In fashion: fashionable
• Replicate: to copy
• Looks: appearance
• Lower priced: inexpensive, cheap
• A fraction of the cost: a small part of the total cost
• A (great) eye for something: able to notice or make correct judgments about something
• Clothes rack: rail where clothes are hung for display
• Shoe display: place where shoes are shown
• Level of attention: the amount of attention someone pays to something
• Luxury goods: things/objects that are very expensive/costly to buy but are not considered necessities
• High-end designers: people who design products sold at very high prices
• Out of my price range: describes something that is too expensive for someone to buy
• Incomparable: cannot be compared because it is so good
• Over the top: extreme, excessive, exaggerated
• Avant-garde: describes music, art, etc, that are unconventional or experimental
• Ambience: the atmosphere of a location
• Unparalleled: exceptional; in a category of its own because of its excellence
• Customer service: the assistance given to customers of a product or service
• Top-notch: high quality
• Blow money on something: spend large amounts of money
• “it” item: something very fashionable
• Place pressure on: to try to influence or persuade
• Stay current: to be up to date
• Spoiled for choice: to have a lot of options available to you
• High street: the main street where shops, banks and businesses are located.
• Unfathomable: unimaginable
• e-shops: stores that do business online
• click of a button: on a computer or device, something that requires very little effort
• at your doorstep: at your home or near where you live
• superimposed: when something is placed over something else so that the image of both items is clear
• frame: the size and shape of someone’s body
• digital imagery: the collection of pixels on a screen that create an image
• brick and mortar stores: a physical shop as opposed to an online shop
• counterparts: someone who does the same job as someone else somewhere else

Vocabulary on the advertisement.

Vocabulary on the advertisement. 

Commercials: an advert on tv or radio

Imagery: visual images

Tantalizing: something that creates desire and excitement

Live up to its hype: when something is as good as you expected it to be

Product placement: a practice in movies or tv shows when a product or its brand name appear on screen visibly in order to gain exposure

Celebrity endorsement: when a famous person advertises a product by saying he or she uses it

Grating: describes sounds that are annoying

Inclined to purchase: likely to buy

Potential customers: people who might possibly buy your product

Turn someone off: to make someone uninterested in something

Pop-ups: advertisements that suddenly appear on a computer or device screen.

Subconscious: the part of the brain that sees, hears or remembers things that you do not actively remember

Subliminal: describes something that can influence the subconscious mind without the conscious mind realizing it

Billboards: a large outdoor board, usually alongside large roads, used to display an ad

Flyer: a small paper advertising a product, business or event

Website traffic: the internet users who visit a website

Brand awareness: when customers recognize or remember a brand and its qualities

Jingle: music that accompanies commercials

Telemarketing: the marketing of good or services over the phone

Bombard: attack continuously

Buying power: the money someone has to buy things

Free-for-all: a situation with no rules, limits or restrictions

Impressionable: describes a person who is easily influenced

Vocabulary on social media.

Vocabulary on social media.

• Viral: if a post/ video is viral or “has gone viral,” that means it is spreading very rapidly across the internet,
• Troll: used as a verb and a noun. A troll is a person who purposely creates offensive or provocative posts or comments to arouse anger in other social media users.
• Hater: a person who posts negative or critical comments about others
• Vlogger: a person who regularly creates short videos to be posted online
• Meme: a humorous image or text that is easily sent to others over the internet
• Anonymity: The state of being anonymous, of people not knowing your identity
• DM: direct message
• Emoji: a small digital image used in social media/ emails/ text to display an emotion, object or idea
• Badger: to bother someone repeatedly
• Derogatory: offensive, hurtful, disrespectful
• Censor: to keep certain images. Texts, etc from being displayed or published because it is offensive or immoral
• Follow:  to subscribe to the page of a person or business on social media
• Harass: to create a hostile situation through written or verbal communication
• Catfishing: the act of creating a false internet profile in order to deceive or scam someone
• Grooming: preparing someone (often a minor) over the internet in order to eventually commit a sexual offense
• Influencer: a person who promotes a product online to his/her followers so that they may purchase it
• Photoshop: software that allows users to digitally alter their images
• Filters: preset photo enhancements that users can select to apply to their images or videos
• Block: stopping or banning someone from interacting with you on social media or viewing your posts/ profile
• Scam: a dishonest attempt to trick or cheat you

Vocabulary on the environment.

Vocabulary on the environment. 

The ravages of something: destruction of something

Hybrid car: a car that uses both petrol and electricity

Carbon footprint: how much carbon dioxide is released as a result of one’s activities

Recycle: breaking down products to create new products from the materials

Growing season: the time of the year when plants grow

Yields: amount of a crop produced

Crops: a plant grown in large amounts

Eco-conscious: describes someone who shows concern for the environment

Natural fertilizer: fertilizers that come from animal waste, animal matter or plant matter

Chemical fertilizer: fertilizers that are made from synthetic materials

Contaminate: to make something impure, poisonous or polluted

Groundwater: water that is below the earth’s surface

Vegetable scraps: bits of vegetables that are discarded

Non-chemical compost: decaying matter such as food, leaves or manure used to fertilize soil

Organic: describes something that does not use chemical fertilizers

Commute: travel to and from work

Solar panels: panels that collect rays from the sun to be used as energy for electricity or heating

Household cleaning products: products that are used to clean one’s home

Time-consuming: describes something that takes a lot of time

Environmentally conscious: when a person or business is aware of their effect on the environment and attempts to minimize this affect

Green lifestyle: a way of living that attempts to reduce usage of water & power, waste and toxic substances

Sustainable: describes something that causes minimal damage to the environment

Emulate: to copy someone’s behavior out of respect

Conventional products: products that have been in use for a long time

Energy saving: describe products designed to reduce use of electricity or other form of energy

Fuel emissions: gases that lead to air pollution through the burning of fuel

Electric cars: vehicles that run on electricity

Food miles: the distance food travels from the time it is produced until it reaches its end customer

Local food: food that is produced a short distance from where it is consumed

Fossil fuels: coal, gas or oil that is used in industry, homes and vehicles

Carbon monoxide: a dangerous gas produced from the partial burning of fuels

Dispose: throw away

Waterways: lakes, rivers, oceans and canals

Ecosystem: the geographic area where animals, plants and other organisms interact

Natural habitat: the area where a plant or animal normally lives

Tackle: to try to deal with a problem

Collective effort: when a group of people try to do something

Forge: to create something strong or successful

Vocabulary on hobbies.

Vocabulary on hobbies. 

• Curl up with a book: to get comfortable and read.
• Thrillers or action books: exciting and full of events
• A strong plotline: good story which keeps moving
• Cover to cover: from start to finish
• Rom-com movie: a romantic comedy film
• Adapted from fiction: a film which was first a book
• Strong characterisation: the main people are well rounded and believable
• Recommended to me by a friend: someone suggested that I read it
• Black humour: funny but rather dark or mysterious as well
• Genre: the type of film. E.g. horror or comedy
• Commercial blockbusters: films made for the mass market to generate a lot of income
• A sea change in something: a fundamental shift
• Online streaming: watching via the internet
• To commission a film: to ask for one to be made
• A valid perspective: a real view / outlook/insight to something
• Cultural heritage: the background and history of a country
• Useful adjectives to describe books, film and art
• Provocative
• Enchanting
• Haunting
• Captivating
• Compelling
• Surprisingly comprehensible

Vocabulary on education.

Vocabulary on education.

• Challenging: academically difficult
• Day in, day out: full time without a break
• Wide ranging: covering a large spectrum / area of different knowledge
• Undergraduate: studying for a degree but having not yet achieved it.
• Postgraduate: having achieved a degree and now studying for a higher qualification, possibly a professions qualification
• STEM subjects: Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths
• Further education: studies after leaving school
• Technical colleges: places which do not demand such high entrance qualifications as university
• Vocational studies: focus on learning or mastering a skill
• Hands on training: practical work/ learning
• To apply for a course: the process of registering for a university
• To get an (un)conditional offer: an offer which does not depend on previous exam results
• Halls of residence / student accommodation: a particular place to live for students
• Student union: an organisation for students / sometimes a physical place
• A fresher / an undergraduate / a graduate: a new student, someone studying for a Bachelors degree, a student who has finished their Degree
• A graduation ceremony: a formal occasion when Degrees are given out
• To take a gap year: a year between study and university
• To drop out of university: to leave before the course is finished
• Out of my depth: finding work / study too hard
• Seminar: smaller class of students with a Professor leading the discussion
• Lecture theatre: large building for a talk / lecture
• Extensive research: in depth work done in a particular academic field

Vocabulary on work or career.

Vocabulary on work or career.

• Important field.
• Motivated about
• internship
• apprenticeship
• hands on
• valuable work experience
• innovative small companies
• cutting edge
• A field (of work): an area or type of career
• Motivated about: wanting to do well in
• Internship: working for a short time, sometimes unpaid
• Apprenticeship: hands on, or practical work to learn a job
• Hands on: getting involved and doing everything to help
• Innovative small companies: with new, creative ideas
• Cutting edge: the best new technology
• Diagnose: to find out what is wrong
• Pediatrics: specialist child medicine (also spelled paediatrics)
• Routine checkups: a regular  (not urgent) visit to the doctors
• Huge appreciation: gratefulness and gratitude
• Follow up care: an appointment after an operation or illness
• Lucrative: money making or profitable
• Highly merited: well, deserved
• Career ladder: moving up through promotions to the top of the company
• Pension scheme: money for retirement
• Job security: knowing you can keep your job / job safety
• Startup community: new small businesses sometimes internet based

Vocabulary about school and education

                        Vocabulary about school and education.

• authentic: real, true
• old-school strict: traditional learning with punishments and controlling teachers
• teacher-centered: where the teacher is leading the class
• encourage collaboration: learning together through discussions
• pressure to meet deadlines: having to finish work by a certain time/date
• assignments: homework or essays
• sail through them: not to have to work hard and to find things easy
• learning expectations: what the teacher expects from their student
• role plays: acting out a situation to simulate or practice it
• dictation: writing down what the teacher says, accurately and fast.
• breakthrough: a new development
• inspiring: something which makes you want to do better
• intonation: the ‘singing’ sound of speech
• paid off: was worth the effort
• outdated: old fashioned
• league tables: tables which rank the position of schools according to  academic success
• alumni: students who used to go to a certain school or college
• boarding school: where students live at school during the term time
• extra- curricular activities: anything NOT academic, e.g., sport, drama
• peer group: students of your own age, in your class
• remote: not being physically there / learning via computer

Vocabulary on health.

 Vocabulary on health.

balanced diet: eating a sensible mix of different foods

conscientious about my health: watching and caring about your heath

flavoursome and appealing: good to eat and looking attractive

convenient take away: food which you can eat at home

healthier eating habits: eating less sugar or salt

productive at work: achieving more, better results

processed meat: meat in which there are additives or chemicals

function successfully: to work, perform in a great way

tempted by diets: interested in other ways of eating

adopted a vegan diet: a vegan does not eat meat, or dairy foods

broad minded: open to other ideas

Sceptical: not believing something

over production of meat: factories or agricultural methods which are focused on this

Public service education message: advice from the government

Positive reinforcement: rewarding people for doing the right thing

Vocabulary on people, personalities and characters.

                  Vocabulary on people, personalities and characters.

1)     confident: in control

2)     awkward: uncomfortable

3)     underneath the surface, I am paddling like a swan: looking calm but not feeling it.

4)     put up a façade: to pretend to be something you are not

5)     a control freak: to want to do things yourself

6)     an eye for detail: making sure everything is perfect

7)     reliable and dependable: be trusted not to let someone down

8)     punctuality: being on time

9)     disrespectful: impolite

10)  a negative trait: bad characteristic

11)  parental way: behave like a mother or final

12)  interpersonal skills: be good at talking to others

13)  empathetic: understanding others emotions

14)  generous listener: take time to hear what others are saying

15)  to emulate: to be like

16)  considerate: kind and thoughtful

17)  insecure: shy and not confident

18)  moody: sometimes happy and sometimes sad/ cross

Vocabulary on the environment and pollution.

Vocabulary on the environment and pollution.

1)     outskirts of large towns: areas outside the city centre, suburbs or industrial district

2)     factory emissions: smoke and pollution from factories

3)     toxic fumes: smoke which is poisonous

4)     traffic jams: large queues of cars not moving

5)     pollutants in foods: dangerous chemicals

6)     pesticides: chemicals to keep bugs and animals away from plants

7)     chemical fertilizers: chemicals added to make soil stronger

8)     commute to work: drive or travel to work every day

9)     Mantra: frequently repeated statement

10)  reuse and recycle: use products again or find another purpose for them

11)  industrial waste is incinerated: waste that is burnt

12)  facilities for recycling: places where you can dispose of plastic / cardboard

13)  education program: teaching and learning in school or elsewhere

14)  consequences: the outcomes

15)  interspersed with (birds): mingled with, mixed with

16)  campaign: high profile policy for the public

17)  scientists predict: ideas for the future

18)  disintegrate: break down into small particles

19)  microplastics: very tiny pieces

20)  single-use applications: use once then throw out

21)  own-brand products: unique to the shop or supermarket

22)  policy should be rolled out: implemented all over the country

23)  documentaries: factual TV programmes

Vocabulary related to Corona Virus.

 Vocabulary related to Corona Virus.

      1) Coronavirus

       2)      Covid 19
3)      SARS
4)      Outbreak
5)      Epidemic
6)      Pandemic
7)      Droplets
8)      Masks
9)      Social distancing
10)   Quarantine
11)   Lockdown
12)   Shelter in place
13)   Asymptomatic
14)   Community spread
15)   Contact tracing
16)   Flatten the curve
17)   ICU
18)   Ventilators
19)   Vulnerable
20)  Immune-compromised
21)   High risk
22)   Vaccine
23)   Pre-clinical stage
24)   Phase 1
25)   Phase 2
26)   Phase 3

Vocabulary on modern technology

                                Vocabulary on Modern technology

• Access to the Internet/cyberspace – Able to connect to the Internet
• Advances in technology – Progressive forward movement in technology
• Back up your files – To save your data to another device
• Become rapidly obsolete – Quickly become out of date
• Computer literate – Adequate knowledge of a computer
• Control remotely – To control technology from a distance
• Downloading from the Internet – Take data off one computer to another via the Internet
• Electronic Funds Transfer – EFT Payment via the Internet
• Emerging technology – Brand new machines and software
• Glued to the screen – Unable or unwilling to leave the digital device
• Hacking into the network – To gain illegal access to the computer
• Internet access – The ability to enter the Internet
• Internet of Things – A network connecting machines in a location so that they can be remotely controlled
• Internet-enabled – Machines or appliances that have Internet access
• Keep a hard copy – Keep a paper copy
• Labour saving device – An appliance that saves work
• Not rocket science – It is not very difficult
• Online piracy – The downloading of licensed media without payment
• Re-install the programs – To put computer programs back onto the computer
• Shop online – Shop via the Internet
• Shut down – Turn the computer off
• Social media networks – Online platforms for communication between people and organisations
• State of the art technology – The best technology available
• Surfing the web – To move from one site to another on the Internet
• To click on an icon – To use the mouse to click on the pictures to get into programs
• To crash – To stop working suddenly
• To Log in – To sign onto the computer
• To upgrade your computer system – To get a larger, quicker or more modern computer
• Wireless hotspots – A location where the Internet is available

Vocabulary on family and friends.

 Vocabulary on family and friends.

• A lifelong friend – A friend that you have had for most of your life
• A relationship of trust – a connection with another in which you have faith and confidence
• Arrange a dinner date – Plan to share an evening meal
• A shoulder to cry on – Someone to sympathize with you
• Close-knit family – A close family with common interests
• Dear to my heart – Someone that I care about
• Distant cousins – People who share a common ancestor but are not closely related
• Extend the hand of friendship – Reach out to someone in a friendly manner
• Extended family – Uncles, aunts and cousins form part of the extended family
• Face to face – In person
• Get to know one another – Learning different aspects of each other
• Get together – Meet up
• Immediate family – Spouse, parents, children, grandparents
• Long lost friend – A friend that you have lost contact with
• Long-term relationships – A committed relationship between partners
• Nurture our friendships – Looking after our relationships with friends
• Professional relationships – The relationships that we have in the workplace
• Relationship problems – Difficulties with people with whom we interact regularly
• Share a common background – The share a similar heritage or culture
• Share the same ideas – To have similar opinions and views
• Stand the test of time – To last a long time
• Struck up a friendship – To make friends
• To enjoy someone’s company – To enjoy spending time with someone
• To have a good working relationship – To work together well
• To have a lot in common – To have shared interests
• To hit it off – To like each other straight away
• To keep in touch with – To keep in contact
• To lose touch with – To lose contact